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Why Cellular Mobile phones Will Management the Upcoming Internet
1. INTRODUCTION
Quick! What does the Online look like? Chances are very excellent that you’re thinking of personal computers on a LAN linked with web servers, middleboxes, and other LAN-based personal computers by wireless routers and regional and long-distance point-to-point hyperlinks. Implicit in this design is the assumption that all customers accessibility the Online from a pc. Although substantially true five decades ago, I will claim that the picture is already wrong nowadays and that in the lengthy run most individuals will use Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones rather than personal computers to accessibility the Online. A excellent design for the lengthy run Online would therefore be a very huge amount of cell-phone-like, mobile, wi-fi, lightweight, end-systems, linked using CDMA and GPRS (and possibly, IEEE802.11 as well), to well-managed cell-phone company systems, that offer accessibility a highlyconnected bandwidth-rich hard wired core and associated centralized web servers. Desktops will not disappear, of course, but they will play a more and more smaller role in the typical way an Web surfer accesses the network; a huge part of future Web customers may never use what we would think of as a desktop computer nowadays.
As a surprising consequence, the holy grails of cost-effective, always-available program accessibility, multi-media social media, and end-to-end assistance high quality may finally be achieved. A Blackview Alife P1 Pro cellphone dominated Online may thus resolve the decades-old tension between the telephony and laissez faire packet-networking views of the world.
Section 2 outlines cell cellphone technological innovation and demonstrates why today’s cell phones are as much IP end factors as desktop computer machines. With regards to Online connection, for simplicity, I’ll only consider three solutions to Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones: hard wired personal computers, hard wired or wi-fi notebooks, and wi-fi Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), where the wi-fi notebooks and PDAs use 802.11 (WiFi) accessibility factors. Area 3 describes non-technical benefits of cell phones over these solutions, and Area 4 provides their technological benefits. Area 5 discusses cell cellphone evolution trends, and provides some wild speculations on what this means for future Online architecture.
2. OVERVIEW
A cell cellphone is basically a battery-powered microprocessor with one or more wi-fi transmitters and receivers optimized for speech I/O. Even a bare-bones design provides a key-board, an LCD display, and a general-purpose handling system, generally supporting Java2 Cellular Edition (J2ME) or .NET Compact APIs. More sophisticated models offer a digital camera, 1MB-5GB of regional storage space, a full-color display, multiple wi-fi interfaces, and even a QWERTY keypad.
Importantly, a Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone cannot be used without a globally unique, per-user, hard-to-forge identifier, known as the International Cellular Customer Identifier or IMSI. IMSIs are assigned by cell cellphone suppliers and allow them to track and invoice for utilization. A Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone company maintains a comprehensive database, known as the House Place Sign-up (HLR), that keeps track of the current location of each IMSI, its utilization, and associated subscriber details, such as a credit card variety, or prepaid utilization authorization. HLRs create it possible for cell cellphone suppliers to do very fine-grained payments.
Nearly all Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones nowadays offer speech and details I/O over either CDMA or GPRS systems. In both systems, details accessibility is over a channelized method, where separate wi-fi frequency programs (or, equivalently, timeslots) are dedicated to details communication and signaling [BVE 99]. For example, in GPRS, cell phones contend for accessibility the details route using SlottedALOHA on one of the control programs (called the PRACH channel). In response, the system place uses the bundle allow route (PAGCH) to explicitly allow it one or more time spots on the details route (PDTCH). The cell cellphone uses these spots to deliver an IP bundle, encapsulated in a convergence layer method (SNDCP), to the system place, which forwards it to a regional bundle router (the SGSN), which programs it to an IP entrance (the GGSN), where it enters the Online. Symmetrically, details meant for a Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone is directed through the Online to the entrance (GGSN), which programs it to the SGSN, and thence to its system place. The system place uses a details route to provide the bundle to the cell cellphone.
A cell cellphone that wants to deliver and get IP packages starts by requesting a bundle details method perspective from the cell cellphone company. This perspective assigns it a bundle details method (IPv4 or v6), a corresponding IP deal with, a assistance high quality specification, and, optionally, a DNS name. This process allows the Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone program (specifically, the GGSN) to associate the cell phone’s unique ID (i.e. IMSI) with its IP deal with. Thereafter, conventional Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone locationing ensures that any packages sent to the cell phone’s IP deal with can be directed to it no matter where it roams. Observe that after getting a bundle details perspective, to all intents and purposes, the cell cellphone is on the Online and can exchange IP packages with any other Online variety, making it a true Online variety. In the next creation facilities, known as IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), all Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones will get an IPv6 deal with, and the entire backbone will be IPv6-enabled.
In addition to basic details transportation, cell cellphone systems offer two types of messaging. The Short Concept Service (SMS) allows up to 160-character details to be sent to a cell cellphone with little delay. Over 50 billion dollars SMS details were sent in 2004. Nextgeneration Multimedia Concept Service (MMS) details are compatible with SMTP and are unlimited length, thereby transforming a Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone into conventional Online email endpoint.
3. NON-TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES
Having briefly surveyed cell cellphone technological innovation, let us consider the non-technical benefits of cell phones over personal computers, notebooks, and PDAs.
3.1 Sheer numbers
By the end of 2003, there were 1.4 billion dollars cell phones, serving about 25% of the world's inhabitants [ITU 05]. In comparison, there were only 607 thousand PCs (which contains both personal computers and laptops), and negligibly few of PDAs. In other terms, in 2003 about a billion dollars individuals had Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones but not desktops/laptops or PDAs. Cell phones continue to maintain this cause because of a rapid rise in subscriber figures in Chinese suppliers, Indian, and Russian federation. For example, in 2004, Chinese suppliers reported 310 thousand customers, about 25% of its individuals in this country, and Indian saw an increase of 11 thousand, or 25%, and reached a complete of 44.5 thousand members. In Russian federation, cell cellphone subscriber figures jumped 65% from 36.5 thousand in 2003 to 60 thousand by September 2004 [IT Facts 05].
Thus, basically in conditions of figures, cell phones are already the prominent system for Online connection. Unfortunately, very few individuals use cell phones for details accessibility nowadays. However, this is likely to change. Here’s why:
The huge and a growing industry creates Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones attractive to system providers, os suppliers, application houses, and companies, resulting in fast-paced advancement. This is already apparent by considering the range of system choices nowadays – ranging from the Samsung SCH-V770 that has a 7-Megapixel digital camera, to Sanyo's HDR-B5GM that has a 1-inch 5GB drive. Given that speech revenue has waferthin edges, there is a huge economical motivation to move out innovative details solutions, such as those pioneered by NTT DoCoMo, quickly [Imode 05]. For example, DoCoMo members use details solutions at up to 384 Kbps to accessibility videos, upload digital camera images, and get street maps, stock quotes, restaurant menus, weather, and ‘yellow pages’ details. This sort of advancement will continue to transform cell phones from voice-only gadgets to integrated voice-data gadgets, to gradually becoming data-dominant gadgets.
3.2 Cost
A second effect of a huge customer inhabitants is that expenses shrink dramatically, both for devices and for assistance. Handsets are already manufactured in the millions every year, which creates it possible to dedicate expensive processor fabs and ASIC developers to the task. These up-front capital investments lower the marginal price per system. In the same way, huge amounts allow companies to create healthy profits with little markups, reducing the price of assistance. Lower system and assistance expenses in turn increases the complete addressable industry, resulting in positive reviews.
Similar positive reviews effects have led to decreasing expenses for personal computers and notebooks, but PDA amounts are basically too little to ride the technological innovation price curve, and consequently several manufacturers (such as Sony and Sharp) have withdrawn from the industry. Also, contrary to wi-fi accessibility expenses, a lack of competitive pressure for hard wired regional accessibility has actually increased the assistance fees for per month accessibility in the United States! So, in conditions of system and assistance expenses, cell phones have taken the cause, and are likely to maintain it for the lengthy run.
3.3 Marketing model
Cell cellphone suppliers usually give away or highly subsidize devices in an effort to obtain business. The product price is recouped over a two- or three-year period as part of a per month assistance fee. Essentially, the company acts like a bank to finance the price of the system. This reduction in the price of the system creates it very affordable. In comparison, few desktop computer or PDA providers offer comparable conditions, especially to consumers.
3.4 Well-established providers
Unlike WiFi hot spot suppliers and most ISPs, cell cellphone suppliers are well-capitalized, well-established, and have a huge income because they own important shares of their house markets. Consequently, they are able to adequately supply their systems and, even more important, enter into long-term agreement contracts with each other. This allows members to seamlessly wander between protection areas, getting a single expense. In comparison, one cannot think about obtaining smooth wandering Online connection from either hard wired or WiFi companies today: there are too many ISPs and they rarely trust each other! The ability to wander will significantly reinforce end customer preferences to accessibility the Online using Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone suppliers.
3.5 Form factor
Ideally, Online connection, like telephone accessibility, should be top high quality, cheap, and available everywhere. Cell phones have overtaken fixed-line phones for speech transportation because individuals are willing to compromise on price and high quality to obtain mobile accessibility. One cannot bring the analogy too far: cell phones and fixed-line phones both offer roughly equivalent speech high quality, but mobile cell phones will never have the monitor size and convenience of use of a desktop computer. So, there will always be a industry for set, hard wired, operated personal computers. Nevertheless, (a) some customers may not need a desktop computer as we know it nowadays and (b) cell phones are likely to substitute notebooks and PDAs as Blackview Alife P1 Pro cellular phones.
To begin with, as Moore’s law allows progressively more handling energy to be crammed into a processor, cell cellphone processors will gradually be powerful enough to run common office productivity programs. Suppose such a cell cellphone also comes with a dock that takes energy in, and provides key-board, movie, and mouse out. This ‘desktop’ is well within reach by 2010, and may be adequate for most customers who do not want to own another handling system. This ‘docked’ cell cellphone may be linked with the program on a set range, or may offer CDMA/GPRS and WiFi accessibility.
Second, as a mobile computer, notebooks are too heavy, too awkward to bring, and do not permit opportunistic details accessibility, such as for reading email while waiting for an elevator. In comparison, Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones and PDAs have the right form factor. However, PDAs that use WiFi for Online connection cannot benefit from the price, subsidy and industry size benefits that are available to cell phones. For these reasons, it is clear that, in the lengthy run, cell phones, especially multi-NIC cell phones, will substitute PDAs; and perhaps ‘docked’ cell phones may substitute some notebooks and personal computers.
To sum up, we see that cell phones already numerically dominate the variety of Online end factors, though details solutions accessed through cell phones nowadays are relatively scarce. However, the cell cellphone industry is likely to grow due to reducing components and assistance expenses and subsidized devices. Moreover, with speech edges reducing, companies are sure to leverage their current relationships and huge cash flows to fund advancement and offer details solutions and smooth globally wandering. These factors will create details solutions on Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones quickly recognition, making cell phones the prominent Online connection technological innovation. ‘Docked’ cell phones of the lengthy run may also substitute notebooks and personal computers.
4. TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES
As excellent as this sounds, this still leaves a major question unanswered. Even if cell phones dominate future Online connection, are they the best technological remedy to the problem? Are personal computers, WiFi-enabled PDAs, or notebooks better Online connection gadgets that are losing out to a officially inferior solution? In it, I claim that cell phones not only will win out, but actually have several important technological benefits over these competing solutions.
I will first outline technological benefits of cell cellphone devices and wi-fi accessibility over WiFi-based notebooks and PDAs (Sections 4.1 and 4.2). I will then discuss why the cell phone-provider handled part of the Online is better than the ‘general’ Online (Sections 4.3-4.7).
4.1 Power management
Power control is critical for battery-powered cellular phones. Laptop computer and PDA providers tend to sacrifice energy for backlit screens and handling speed, resulting in short system lives of two to eight hours. In comparison, Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone providers have always paid fanatical attention to energy control, resulting in much longer system lives. Talk times are generally six to eight hours, and stand by times are calculated in days. For example, compared with cell phones, notebooks and PDAs do not assistance a stand by mode where they can energy off most solutions while still being available for incoming details. Therefore, from this perspective, cell phones are definitely a better technological remedy than notebooks and PDAs.
4.2 Channelization
IEEE 802.11 is not channelized, so control packages, such as RTS, CTS, and ACK, use the same route as details packages. This leads to complex arbitration schemes and possibly unfair data transfer useage allocation due to invisible and exposed terminals [BDSZ 94]. Cell phones use channelized media, which intrinsically discuss the wi-fi method better and are safe from a variety of invisible terminal problems (See [BTV 04] and the references therein). Moreover, compared with a WiFi-based PDA, a cell cellphone cannot be blocked from obtaining the route because the details route is hogged by another cell cellphone. For these reasons, it appears that a channelized Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone may better use wi-fi variety than a WiFi-based laptop or PDA. Incidentally, cell cellphone variety is licensed, so it is also safe from interference from cordless phones and microwaves that occupy the unlicensed ISM bands.http://share.snacktools.com/977C66B8B7A/b7clg9mu
4.3 Identity and management
A important issue with the Online nowadays is that IP details are topologically important. In comparison, a cell phone’s identifier (IMSI) identifies its customer, has no topological significance, and is bound dynamically to its location using a House Place Sign-up (HLR). As a cell cellphone moves, its location is always (more or less) known to the HLR. The 3G Partnership Project [AJM 04] defines how this is coordinated with Cellular IP. Essentially, packages destined to a cellphone are sent to its home program, and then forwarded using Cellular IP to the cell phone’s current location, which is obtained from the HLR. No such locationing details is available for conventional Online endpoints: a PDA or laptop using a WiFi hot spot with a NAT’ted DHCP personal deal with is basically unlocatable!
4.4 High quality of service
Packets to and from Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones are transported (at least partially) over a provider’s personal IP program. Observe that every cell cellphone is uniquely identified using components identifiers and has a payments connection with the assistance agency. This creates it both officially and financially possible to offer them assistance high quality assures, especially for multi-media programs and VoIP. Suppose a cell cellphone customer wants to view videos clip stream from videos clip server on its provider’s personal Online. Because the source and destination endpoints are known, the path can be pinned down using MPLS, and assistance high quality assures can be offered using either IntServ or DiffServ. All of this creates economic sense because the company can charge the cell cellphone customer per-byte or per-video using an current payments connection. None of these pre-conditions for assistance high quality supply are available in the common Online.
Note that GPRS-based Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone suppliers are tied together using the personal GRX program [GRX 04]. In principle, this allows global cell phone-to-cell cellphone provisioning of assistance high quality parameters, with built-in assistance for payments and agreement. This is an essential pre-condition to providing end-to-end assistance high quality, which is financially infeasible in the common Online. and, by extension to notebooks, PDAs, and even personal computers on it.
4.5 Over-the-air application upgrades
Keeping application versions on endpoints up-to-date and reliable is a important headache for every enterprise nowadays. Cell phones, by design, do not suffer from this issue. When application on a cell cellphone has to be modified, it is automatically downloaded to the Blackview Alife P1 Pro cellphone by the cell cellphone company, using application such as that offered by Bitfone [Bitfone 05].
4.6 IPv6 support
The IETF has been struggling for about 15 decades to migrate the common Online from IPv4 to IPv6, and it might never happen. In comparison, the next-generation cell-phone company IP program is specified to be IPv6. This is because cell phones are handled systems that are dynamically assigned IP details and whose application can be dynamically modified by a cell cellphone company. Cutting over to IPv6 requires installation of the appropriate method stack on cell phones, and changing over to a parallel internal facilities. Neither the capability to download application to an end program nor the power over the program facilities to force a cut over to IPv6 are available in the common Online.
4.7 Simplicity of maintenance
Both the hard wired and the wi-fi components of a cell cellphone provider’s program are handled. This means that the company is responsible for program provisioning, monitoring, and control. This delegation of responsibilities from the end program to the program creates the overall program stable: hyperlinks can be provisioned on the basis of a calculated traffic matrix, reliable routing tables can be centrally computed and installed on wireless routers, routes can be pinned using MPLS, and link high quality can be uniformly calculated by a network-wide operations center, much like the telephone program. Because there are only a few hundred cell cellphone suppliers globally, contrary to the thousands of ISPs, globally coordination and control is possible. In the same way, suppliers can move out system-wide changes or improvements in facilities without having to impact the assistance seen by the end factors.
5. IMPLICATIONS
With quickly increasing protection, data-enabled cell phones will soon provide the long-held vision of ‘anytime anywhere details accessibility.’ Moreover, depending on their technological and nontechnical benefits, I believe that Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell cellphone devices will quickly dislodge PDAs. Over the lengthy run, dockable cell phones, as described in Area 3.5, may even dislodge notebooks and personal computers.
Much like an iPod, such dockable gadgets with huge regional storage space will allow customers to bring all their details with them all the time. In other terms, these gadgets will not only offer details accessibility, but also details and compute mobility. This will create it desirable to allow updates of the regional details store, either from CDMA/GPRS systems, or opportunistically from WiFi/Bluetooth systems, so that periods of disconnection can be invisible from the customer.
User demand for higher bandwidths and lower operational expenses will inevitably cause to the growth of WiFi- and WiMaxenabled cell phones that can switch to WiFi or WiMax when available. To offer excellent speech and details high quality, especially for VoIP, this will require cell cellphone suppliers to either build out or partner with WiFi/WiMax suppliers, and offer the same degree of control on these systems and their backhaul as they offer on their own backbones.
Following this train of logic, it seems clear that the growth of Blackview Alife P1 Pro cell phones, their use for details accessibility, and the concomitant growth of cell phone-based Internet service providers will cause to a more and more larger part of the Online being handled and provisioned by cell cellphone suppliers. As the part of customers obtaining the Online from cell phones grows, there will be a strong economical motivation for Online application companies like Yahoo and Google to establish a presence on this provisioned program. It may well be that over time, most, if not all Internet service providers (VoIP suppliers and web site hosters included) have hyperlinks both to the provisioned and the ‘best effort’ Online, and gradually the provisioned Online may create the best-effort Online vestigial. If this happens, the provisioned Online would integrate the best ideas of the last half a century of telecommunications: temporal statistical multiplexing gains through bundle changing, traffic control using provisioned MPLS paths, and end-to-end assistance high quality assures using effective scheduling disciplines. This very welcome circumstance is achievable in the next ten decades, and may perhaps be inevitable, given that cell cellphone customers will dominate the lengthy run Online.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The ideas in this work owe much to ongoing discussions with my students, Aaditeshwar Seth, Nabeel Ahmed, and Majid Ghaderi at the University of Waterloo. This research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs Program. Thanks also to Intel Corp., Sprint ATL, Nortel Networks Institute, and Sun Microsystems for the generous economical assistance.
